Background

• Sixth century BCE: Period of significant religious upheaval globally.
  • Teachers like Confucius (China), Zoroaster (Iran), and Parmenides (Greece) questioned socioreligious norms, emphasizing ethical and moral values.
• In India, two major alternative religions emerged:
  • Buddhism and Jainism.
• Core teachings of Buddhism and Jainism:
  • True happiness lies not in material wealth or rituals.
  • Focus on non-violence, charity, frugality, and good social conduct.
• Reasons for the rise and popularity of these religious reform movements:
  • Reaction against established socioreligious practices.
  • Emphasis on ethical living and social reforms resonated with the masses.

Causes of the Origin of Buddhism and Jainism

• Kshatriyas’ reaction against Brahmanical domination:
  • Post-Vedic society was divided into four varnas: Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
  • Kshatriyas opposed the ritualistic dominance and privileges enjoyed by Brahmanas.
  • Buddha and Mahavira (founders of Buddhism and Jainism) were from the Kshatriya varna.
  • Buddhist texts often rejected Brahmanical superiority, elevating Kshatriyas above Brahmanas.

• Rise of new agricultural economy requiring animal husbandry:
  • Shift of economic-political activity to Eastern UP and Bihar due to more fertile land and use of iron tools.
  • Animal husbandry became crucial for agriculture, but Vedic animal sacrifices harmed cattle populations.
  • Buddhism and Jainism promoted non-violence, making them appealing to the agrarian population.

• Support from Vaishyas and mercantile groups:
  • Second urbanisation (600–300 BCE) led to the rise of cities like Patliputra, Varanasi, Vaishali, and Rajagriha.
  • Vaishyas and merchants sought better social status and supported non-Vedic religions like Buddhism and Jainism.
  • Both religions preached non-violence, promoting peace and benefiting trade and commerce.

• Acceptance of simple, peace-centred principles by the laity:
  • Increasing social inequality, violence, and conflict led people to seek relief.
  • Buddhism and Jainism offered peace, social equality, and a return to simple ascetic living, attracting common people.